What was the Reconstruction after the Civil War?
Reconstruction refers to the period immediately after the Civil War from 1865 to 1877 when several United States administrations sought to reconstruct society in the former Confederate states in particular by establishing and protecting the legal rights of the newly freed black population.
How are the gold atoms arranged on the Au 111 surface?
The Au(111) surface is characterized by a hexagonal arrangement of atoms with a herringbone reconstruction (Fig. 10), which is sensitive to the local stress variation as well as the overall surface stress.
What is herringbone Reconstruction?
The so-called herringbone reconstruction, with three different 22×31/2domain orientations, forms a super-lattice that has a clearly observable influence on the surface electronic structure.
What does AU 111 mean?
Au(111
Au(111): A theoretical study of the surface reconstruction and the surface electronic structure.
What is au111?
The characterization of metals and metallic compounds with AFM is a large and growing area. In general, AFM applications with metals can be split into three categories depending on the dimensional scale of interest and the characterization needs. …
Why did the Reconstruction era end?
Compromise of 1877: The End of Reconstruction The Compromise of 1876 effectively ended the Reconstruction era. Southern Democrats’ promises to protect civil and political rights of blacks were not kept, and the end of federal interference in southern affairs led to widespread disenfranchisement of blacks voters.
What was Abraham Lincoln plan for Reconstruction?
The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction was Lincoln’s plan to reintegrate the Confederate states back into the Union, granting presidential pardons to all Southerners (except political leaders) who took an oath of future allegiance to the Union. Lincoln pocket vetoed this bill.
When did reconstruction come to an end after the Civil War?
Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Comes to an End Reconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into the United States.
What was the result of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
During Radical Reconstruction, which began with the passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867, newly enfranchised Black people gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, winning election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress.
When was the most radical phase of reconstruction?
The laws and constitutional amendments that laid the foundation for the most radical phase of Reconstruction were adopted from 1866 to 1871.
What was the role of African Americans in reconstruction?
The participation of African Americans in southern public life after 1867 would be by far the most radical development of Reconstruction, which was essentially a large-scale experiment in interracial democracy unlike that of any other society following the abolition of slavery.