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What is mitochondrial complex IV?

Membranome. 257. The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, EC 1.9. 3.1, is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes. It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of cells located in the membrane.

What is mitochondrial complex?

Complex I is found in cell structures called mitochondria , which convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use. Complex I is the first of five mitochondrial complexes that carry out a multi-step process called oxidative phosphorylation , through which cells derive much of their energy.

What causes cytochrome c oxidase deficiency?

In most cases, cytochrome c oxidase deficiency is caused by mutations that alter the proteins that assemble the holoenzymes. As a result, the holoenzymes are either partially assembled or not assembled at all. Without complete holoenzymes, cytochrome c oxidase cannot form.

Why is complex IV so important?

One of the respiratory complexes, complex IV or cytochrome c oxidase (COX), catalyzes the transfer of electrons from reduced cytochrome c (CYTc) to the final acceptor of electrons, O2, in a process that is coupled to H+ translocation for ATP production.

What happens if complex IV is inhibited?

The blocklock of complex IV by cyanide depletes ATP culminating in cell death. Thus, cellular respiration is inhibited, as well as ATP production, in essence depriving the cells, tissue, and, ultimately, the whole body of oxygen. Hypoxia evolves into metabolic acidosis and decreased oxygen saturation.

What will happen if a cell is deficient of mitochondria?

When the mitochondria are defective, the cells do not have enough energy. The unused oxygen and fuel molecules build up in the cells and cause damage.

What is mitochondrial complex I activity?

Complex I, also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, is a multisubunit integral membrane complex of the mitochondrial electron transport chain that catalyzes electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone.

What is mitochondrial Cytopathy?

Mitochondrial cytopathies represent a heterogeneous group of multisystem disorders which preferentially affect the muscle and nervous systems. They are caused either by mutations in the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome, or by nuclear DNA-mutations.

Is mitochondrial disease genetic?

Mitochondrial diseases are long-term, genetic, often inherited disorders that occur when mitochondria fail to produce enough energy for the body to function properly. One in 5,000 individuals has a genetic mitochondrial disease. Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

What does cytochrome oxidase do?

Cytochrome oxidase is a widespread respiratory enzyme that conserves energy released when oxygen is reduced by pumping protons across the membrane in which it is located.

What is the medical term for mitochondrial Complex IV deficiency?

Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency (also known as cytochrome c oxidase – COX – deficiency or simply complex IV deficiency) is a very rare genetic metabolic disorder.

How many polypeptides are in mitochondrial Complex IV?

Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1) is the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain and consists of 13 polypeptide subunits, 3 of which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA.

What are the signs and symptoms of mitochondrial myopathy?

Myopathy The main symptoms of mitochondrial myopathy are muscle fatigue, weakness, and exercise intolerance. The severity of any of these symptoms varies greatly from one person to the next, even in the same family. In some individuals, weakness is most prominent in muscles that control movements of the eyes and eyelids.

How are mitochondrial diseases related to the respiratory chain?

Some mitochondrial diseases are named for the part of the respiratory chain that is affected, such as complex I deficiency. A cell filled with defective mitochondria becomes deprived of ATP and can accumulate a backlog of unused fuel molecules and destructive forms of oxygen called free radicals or reactive oxygen species.